The U.S. Financial Crisis Essay - 1814 Words

It is difficult to quantify exactly how much revenue a bank generates from proprietary trading, one brokerage analyst estimated that 5%-10% of trading done by large banks is a result of trading not done on behalf of the client.32 These investments are the reason Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc., a global financial services firm, failed. The firm participated in investment banking, equity, fixed-income sales, research, trading, investment management, private equity, and private banking. At one time, Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc., was a primary dealer in the United States Treasury securities’ market. In 1998, 25% of Lehman’s revenue was generated from proprietary trades.33 The company, at this time, held $28 billion in securities and other†¦show more content†¦The current financial crisis of the United States, began in 2007. The numerous issues, giving rise to the crisis, brought focus on the subject of proprietary trading. A history of the events contributing t o the financial crisis illustrates the role proprietary trading played, and the reasons Congress and regulators have proposed limits on such activity. In 2006, Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc., was allowing employees to trade derivatives. Derivatives, are an agreement or contract that represents a determined value of something. These derivatives can be put in any security, a document that represents a share in a company or a debt owed by a company. Employees of the firm were trading significant sums of money. An intern, only a junior in college, was given $150 million to trade.39 A junior trader in the firm was given $450 million. The firm invested primarily in real estate, derivatives, and bonds. Bonds are a promise to repay a principal amount plus interest, raising the firm’s capital by borrowing. When the financial crisis reached a peak in 2008, and the market crashed, the credit markets seized up, and people were no longer borrowing money. The reported loss for Lehman w as $32 billion from proprietary trading and principal transactions that had taken place a year and a halfShow MoreRelatedU.s. Dollar Financial Crisis1028 Words   |  5 Pagesthere has been speculation of whether the U.S. will raise interest rates by the end of 2015. With all indications pointing to a rate increase, concerns have arisen about the potential ripple effects on the rest of the world. Fundamentally, raising interest rates come hand in hand with an appreciating U.S. dollar. In many parts of the world the U.S. Dollar is used as a major benchmark of current and future economic growth. For developed countries, a strong U.S. dollar can be viewed as positive, howeverRead MoreThe Financial Crisis Of The U.s. Auto Industry1295 Words   |  6 PagesThe Problem The year was 2008 and the daily news for Americans could make us choke on our morning coffee. The financial crisis was something out of a movie that could be titled The Horrors from Wall Street. The nasty mortgage mess was having a negative impact on other areas of the economy. The U.S. auto industry was taking a sizeable hit. It became hard to conceive that a legacy industry like 100 year old General Motors could be in deep trouble. But indeed they were and by June, 2009, General MotorsRead MoreTheu.s. Housing Market And The U.s. Financial Crisis1448 Words   |  6 Pagesoccurred in the U.S. housing market between 2007 and 2009, led to the biggest global financial crisis. The impact of this crisis extended over the world, and the economies of many countries were damaged. Kawai stated that: ‘The ongoing global crisis has had a profound impact on the Asia and Pacific region, particularly on its exports.’ (2009:1) There were a lot of factors which brought about the crisis. Due to limited space, this essay will look at the U.S. housing market and the U.S. financial system, andRead MoreGlobal Financial Crisis: U.S, Greek, Pigs2140 Words   |  9 PagesBanking in Financial Services Assignment on Global Financial Crisis By Lavina B Israni, Roll No. 15, SYBFM, Jai Hind College Index ïÆ'Ëœ Introduction 1 ïÆ'Ëœ The U.S. Economic Crisis 1 ïÆ'Ëœ The Greek Economic Crisis 5 ïÆ'Ëœ The PIGS Economic Crisis 7 ïÆ'Ëœ Conclusion 8 ïÆ'Ëœ The Structure of the Indian Banking Industry 9 Introduction The turmoil in the international financial marketsRead MoreU.s. Trade Pattern Is Affected By The 2008 Financial Crisis883 Words   |  4 PagesThe proceeding discussion elaborates how Sino-The U.S. trade pattern is affected by the 2008 financial crisis. There are few macro factors which are the driven forces behind financial crisis. From above sections, we conclude that the U.S. is more flexible to promulgate new country specific trade policy due to its imports centralization from few countries, and China is more sensitive to the protective trade policy due to its economic growth is more relying on the exports. The consumers’ purchasingRead MoreFinancial Crisis Related On The Subprime Mortgage Market And The U.s. Housing Market1713 Words   |  7 Pages b. RELIANCE Another component of fraud crimes is reliance. For the government to prevail on fraud charges, it has to establish reasonable reliance on the alleged misrepresentations or omissions. Most financial crisis related investigations focused on mortgage backed securities that banks sold consisted of subprime mortgages that are doomed to be defaulted. The misrepresentation argument goes that banks failed to disclose the low quality of the mortgages and substantial risks of default thatRead MoreThe Global Financial Crisis Of Broward College920 Words   |  4 PagesResearch Paper: The Global Financial Crisis Michelle Beira Broward College There have been few financial crises in the United States. The Global Financial Crisis of 2008 to 2009 was the most recent and before that was The Great Depression of the 1930s. The Global Financial Crisis actually began in 2007 when prices of homes tanked. It not only affected the U.S. but it also affected economies overseas. The entire investment banking industry, some of the biggest insurance companies, enterprisesRead MoreThe World Experienced A Tremendous Financial Crisis Essay1131 Words   |  5 Pagestremendous financial crisis which rooted from the U.S housing market; moreover, it is considered by many economists as one of the worst recession since the Great Depression in 1930s. After posing a huge effect on the U.S economy, the financial crisis expanded to Europe and the rest of the world. It brought governments down, ruined economies, crumble financial corporations and impoverish individual lives. For example, the financial crisis has resulted in the collapse of massive f inancial institutionsRead MoreRecession Turmoil Caused By U.s. Subprime Mortgage Crisis874 Words   |  4 PagesWall Street turmoil caused by U.S. Subprime Mortgage Crisis had eventually evolved to global financial crisis. The financial crisis that has engulfed the world is really a disaster, leading to precipitous shrinkage of human wealth and instantaneous evaporation of long-time efforts by financial institutions. But why did such financial crisis take place? Who should be blamed? As far as I concern, Federal Reserve deserves the greatest blame, as its ultra-loose monetary policy created housing bubbleRead MoreThe Global Financial Crisis During The Great Depression Of The 1930s1103 Words   |  5 PagesGLOBAL FINANCIAL CRISIS† A financial crisis is a situation in which the value of financial institutions or assets drops rapidly. A financial crisis is often associated with a panic or a run on the banks, in which investors sell off assets or withdraw money from savings accounts with the expectation that the value of those assets will drop if they remain at a financial institution. Contents: ïÆ' ¼ Introduction ïÆ' ¼ Causes of the Crisis ïÆ' ¼ Impact of financial crisis ïÆ' ¼ Solution of financial crisis

The New Paradigm Of Healthcare Delivery - 1380 Words

Competitor Analysis One element of an external environmental assessment is the complicated, dynamic process of a competitor analysis. The new paradigm of healthcare delivery makes it necessary for organizations to think about their competitive edge, something that healthcare administrators did not have to think about in the past. Ginter, Duncan, and Swayne (2013) identify the essential elements of a service area competitor analysis: establishing the categories of service; determine the service area, the geographical boundaries; and identification and analysis of weaknesses and strengths of those vying for the same market share (p. 78). Today’s healthcare leaders need to think beyond the facilities that are most close, owing to the fact that consumers of care are willing to move past their neighborhoods to centers of excellence that deliver the highest quality care. Leaders also need to consider service providers that are dissimilar in structure. These ventures are new to the h ealthcare market, offering one profitable, specialized service. Market niches should not be overlooked or underestimated because they are likely contenders (Ginter et al. p. 80). This paper offers a competitive analysis for detoxification, the first level of treatment for substance use disorders (SUDs). There is a discussion of the service category and service area of one treatment offered in a freestanding psychiatric facility in metro Boston, Massachusetts, and ends with a discussion on how theShow MoreRelatedEvolving Practice of Nursing and Patient Care Delivery Models682 Words   |  3 PagesEvolving Practice of Nursing and Patient Care Delivery Models: Healthcare is one of the greatest growing professions across the globe because of the increase in population, rising healthcare costs, and increase in the demand for nurses. As the United States continues to focus on restructuring its health care delivery system, the practice of nursing and its professionals will continue to play an important role. As a result, there are huge expectations that more nursing jobs will become availableRead MoreGenomics - Disruptive Technologies : Creating A New Healthcare Paradigm905 Words   |  4 PagesDisruptive Technologies: Creating A New Healthcare Paradigm Disruptive technologies have played a significant role through the ages in leapfrogging the paradigms of healthcare systems Innovation and medicine go together. In modern times medicine has been transformed by waves of discovery that have brought marvels like antibiotics, vaccines and heart stents. Disruptive technologies have played a significant role through the ages in leapfrogging the paradigms of healthcare systems. The advent of radiologyRead MoreCloud Computing : A Swot Analysis Essay843 Words   |  4 PagesComputing in Healthcare: A SWOT analysis to evaluate Cloud based Computing Model Adoption in Healthcare. Executive Summary: Cloud based Computing is an emerging new computing paradigm which delivers various computing services and resources. Many experts believe that it will change the face of how healthcare is delivered by improving the quality of health services with its immense potential to store patient information. However, as with any new innovation, Cloud Computing in Healthcare should alsoRead MoreRural Care Essay765 Words   |  4 PagesHealthcare is a vital necessity for indigents who reside in rural areas. Many of the individuals who live within these communities are elderly, immigrants, farmers and migrants. They work and live off their land and lack the needed funds to purchase health insurance, because it is not affordable and they do not have transportation or a way of getting on bus routes, because they live so far out. The nearest local hospital is about 50 miles away and if they get seriously injured they must wait forRead MoreEmergence Of Cloud Computing And The Healthcare Sector1207 Words   |  5 PagesEmergence of cloud computing is an advancement in the healthcare sector. Healthcare system contains information about public and private healthcare service and research activity. Data is growing exponentially. In every moment there is a new electronic data is accumulating in the health care system. With these outgrowing number of electronic data, how a healthcare system is going to maintain. Every time new server installation is going to cost high and complexity and inflexibil ity of the health careRead MoreOperations Management Definition1014 Words   |  5 Pagesmaintaining their competitive edge in a fierce marketplace to social, ethical and concerns regarding the health and well being of their employees. The advent of new technologies has created organizational efficiencies however; it is a well-known fact that healthcare has lagged behind other industries with regard to automation. Healthcare is being asked to provide high quality care with increased efficiency yet the patient population believes they are not receiving quality care. McCleave (1996) statesRead MoreHealthcare Delivery Systems Throughout The Us1241 Words   |  5 Pages Healthcare Delivery Systems in the US Summer Abukhodeir University of South Florida Healthcare Delivery Systems in the US Acceptable healthcare is an inalienable right, unlike other countries in the world; the United States tends to differ when it comes to Americans inevitably being covered by health insurance. A key feature that makes the US extraordinarily different is the fact that the government does not control the delivery of healthcare as is done in otherRead MoreTechnology And Nursing Health Records1414 Words   |  6 PagesLeading me to be cognoscente of how information is exchanged between providers, nurses, and patients. Healthcare information can be used to help decrease complications, prevent diseases, and allow for patients to live longer fuller lives in the process. Healthcare information is used to better understand the quality of healthcare that we deliver to the patient. With the increased demand for healthcare, informatics can be used to quantify how we deliver care effectively. The data is only successful inRead MoreImpact Of The Affordable Care Act ( Aca ) On The Healthcare I ndustry874 Words   |  4 PagesAct (ACA) on the healthcare industry is characterized by change (Delmatoff Lazarus, 2014). Given this ACA paradigm transformation, I believe today’s nursing leaders must adapt quickly and assist new leaders to develop the skills necessary to envision and evaluate new healthcare delivery systems. According to Chism (2009), the roles of the doctor of nursing practice (DNP) prepared nurse graduates may be incorporated to meet the transformation of today’s contemporary healthcare. After reading theRead MoreTechnology And Nursing Health Records1543 Words   |  7 PagesLeading me to be cognizant of how information is exchanged between providers, nurses, and patients. Healthcare information can be used to help decrease complications, prevent diseases, and allow for patients to live longer fuller lives in the process. Healthcare information is used to better understand the quality of healthcare that we deliver to the patient. With the in creased demand for healthcare, informatics can be used to quantify how we deliver care more effectively. The data is only successful

People - Management and Organisation

Question: Discuss about the People, Management and Organisation. Answer: Introduction The case of the Pluto telecommunications presented the firm level issues; mismatch of the roles in the sales, customer service and marketing team which showed differences in their working styles, approach and the output. There was incoherence which made customer touch points in the service delivery difficult to link the service gaps affecting organisational performance. The middle management seemed to be arrogant and uncooperative, while the top management is happy being in the London office showed three distinct sub cultures instead of a unified one. The company has witnessed rapid growth in last one year and the three departments with different goals have not been able to coordinate in essence and output delivery. The management pattern in not identifying the problem which exists between the departments shows the myopic attitude. The departmental heads are not able to relate to the other, resulting in the absence of inter departmental communication. The directors of the Pluto telec ommunications also seem to be non cooperative and showed inability to voice honest opinions. This indicates problems in job design, organisational design, and the subsequent operations back end process that is evident from the organisational output. Analysis: The Pluto telecommunications analysed using the SOGI (Societal, organisational, group and individual) model reveals the following. The societal level though not important here, as Pluto telecommunications as a business entity needs to be ethical in treating its customers fairly and ownership factor missing in problem solving bring this dimension into discussion. The Pluto telecommunications will fit into Emery and Trists four type of environments as either turbulent or disturbed, reactive category which shows the fast growing firm, seeking constant growth, Organisational analysis Organisational culture: This is a concern area, as the absence of the unitary organisational culture fails to bind the departments, teams and the employees towards Pluto telecommunications goal. The presence of sub cultures and its evidence over the year has made a strong support to the manner in which the employees of Pluto telecommunications work and achieve their tasks. Thus the existence of the cultures in different teams/departments is a sign of the herd behaviour where in all the members of the group show allegiance of typical attitude that is affecting the tasks, its completion status (Hatch, 1997). The externalities has forced Pluto telecommunications to meet the goals, making it high performance organisation has essentially set aside the internal alignment due to lack of HR line manager and lack of control in devising these HR initiatives. Organisational structure The three departments which are subset of the marketing function failed to coordinate at least on one common ground which is lack of internal communication. The evidence is also in the organisational structure which shows that the departmental heads who reports to the Ms Tsang are not in talking terms, sharing reports. This issue of the differentiation is a problem that has made departmental identity and boundaries very tight and strict, drawing lines that are unable to stretch when the operational demand is more. It should be guided by the Leavitts diamond for better goal setting, operations and outcomes. Figure 1: Leavitt Diamond (Huczynsk and Buchanan, 2013, p. 505) Inability of the departments functioning to the maximum limit was due to lack of coordination, nonexistent of the design of the whole structure which is not a process centric one. So lack of integration in the activities which are not linked led to poor communication and setting a separate work culture. This fails in the Weicks (1976) loosely coupled elements and the resulting effect is evident in the customer frustration. The onus of shouldering responsibility is not there which shows that the top management is unable and unaware of the interdependence factor and does not acknowledge it. The above status is Mintzbergs grouping by function at the extreme, where the specialisation based functions are finding the narrow path in Pluto telecommunications. It is hard to point this out, as even the top management failed to realise this and establish common activities that each department shares to be customer centric. Burns and Stalker issue of Mechanistic structure fits Pluto telecommunic ations. This inability to understand the flexibility problem Group level analysis: Pluto telecommunications Group structure The Pluto telecommunications has distinct structure which is functional in nature in terms of delivery that has the homogeneity in the actions performed by all its members. Each of them are comfortable in achieving the tasks due to clear understanding of the departmental goals and achieve the own targets. Daft (1995) explained that in organisational structure that is very independent as it lacks cooperation and neither fosters it, which is why they are focussed on individual targets and display visible wealth to the world. The result is that the department consists of head with targets that are duly met which is why Pluto telecommunications had a wonderful growth in last one year. Figure 2: The Five Phases of Growth (Greiner, 1998, p. 58) The structure follows function and here the sales team has forced to team members to define their own space, delivery and the boundary. It has led to the engineering team to do the checking in pre installation phase, and the rest of the task is carried out by the sales employees of the Pluto telecommunications at the customer premises. Therefore the only link is the engineering team and not the customer service which is the logical choice after customer has the device installed and needs help in malfunctioning of the device. Group Culture: The Pluto telecommunications groups are formalised in nature where the sales department has different teams as per service areas earmarked in Pluto telecommunications. The sales in Pluto telecommunications has an achievement and challenge element with the short time horizons, low patience it has housed people that are intentional (Allcorn, 1989) in nature. They lacked responsibility and it is evident from the output where the customer scrambles for solution. So this department has gradually accepted the performance based culture which led to Pluto telecommunications earning revenues from the new customers and orders. It also led to formation of the department adopting an elitist attitude compared to the other departments thereby defining their identity, the delivery through their function. Buchanan and Huczynski (2001) added that thus the culture element is more singular in nature as it is evident in the mismatch of the sales, customer service and marketing departments. Top managemen t not voicing is a symptom of Groupthink where others kept mum and did not want to raise the issue and justify avoiding the confrontation. Each of the departments thus shows unique identity and traits, which has more individualism that defines their structure and functional output. Individual level analysis: Pluto telecommunications Leadership style: The issue of the myopic leadership direction and inability to find integration of the functions and operations is an indication of the organisational ineffectiveness and inefficiency. The team is qualified with MBAs working while it is taken for granted that they accomplish without any supervision. However, they lack the analysis of the problem identification and exhibited lack of ownership (Shackleton, 1995). Shackleton (1995) agreed that this is typical of the highly specialised and compartmentalised structure defined strictly by functions and not process. Thus the issue of leadership within in being empowered to solve the customer problems for a department seems out of job description definition for many employees. Fiedler leadership contingency model when applied shows the LPC (least preferred co-worker) showed those different hierarchies leaders showing different level of interest, drive, commitment. The sales department leadership and style of working is more independent nature that lacks the essence of the coordinated approach to the work completion. The elitist attitude and display of wealth in the form of achievement is therefore a direct relation to the impression management. The leadership style of the woman director challenging the way past through the stronghold of the Pluto telecommunications existing directors is not expected. This culture of the male dominance in the decision making and a female finding problems challenges and questions the leadership style of the company (Steers et al. 1996). The delivery of the HQ in London marketing department strategies hence fails to meet the organisational effectiveness in meeting the customer demand set. Motivation: The individual level actions are subsets of the team based, group culture and the roles or tasks at hand are clear to the each employee (Fincham and Rhodes, 1999). The motivation level of the employees in the sales is driven by the fat incentives that they receive in closing a sale. So financial rewards are important and driving the sales employees of Pluto telecommunications. The extrinsic reward system showed the market based competition and the willingness to represent Pluto telecommunications as an individual and team to beat the competition. This is however; an individual gain as the efforts contributes to the achievement of targets and revenues to the Pluto telecommunications. Thus the challenge in the task supersedes the pay and is the motivating factor for sales to penetrate new markets faster than other competitors (Martin, 1992). The customer service employees of Pluto telecommunications are more patient and had to resolve the queries of customer dissatisfaction, with coordination with the technical department in case the device is faulty. Stiff targets and penalties are forcing undue pressure on the motivation level to achieve the targets in this department in Pluto telecommunications. The use of warnings and recriminations are the failure of mismanagement of the aggregate work volume and employees at hand. The service quality standards and quality metrics defined being strict leaves lesser motivated employees in this department in Pluto telecommunications. The fine balance not present, will lead to Herzberg (1986) stated that forced targets do not support motivation. Marketing department the chief architect of the total function lacks attitude and purpose in designing an equitable performance analysis. So not balancing the equity theory (Adam, 1963) for sales, customer services is stressing the motivation level and output. Locke (1968) goal setting theory seemed to have been missed as Pluto telecommunications managers especially the top management and the HR seemed to forgot that. Though the bonus, incentives do exist there seems to be lack in the PMS (performance management system) metrics that should be agreed by each department. The reward systems in Pluto telecommunications also needs visible recognition that was not evident and the (Peace and Porter, 1985) work on merit based pay systems will allow to have a longer impact on the employee motivation and the management seeking organisational commitment. Alternative and possible solutions The goal for Pluto telecommunications is to change and become a flexible, adaptable and decentralised in terms of structure, design, culture and output. The competition from the market being stiff needs a work hard/play hard approach which is to continue the existing high performance in sales and customer services department. Applying the Greiners (1972, 1998) organisational growth model, will lead us to adopting strategies to counter the leadership crisis at Pluto telecommunications. The direction and the goals being set at firm level, business level (verticals) can follow the participative evolution strategy as stated by Dunphy and Stance. This will have to be translated into job roles and targets. The crisis for the leadership in engaging more into operational tasks rather than strategy is an apt approach for Pluto telecommunications. Figure 3: Scale of change and leadership style (Dunphy and Stace, 1988) At steep growth level, there needs one to one communication between the team or group members on daily issues which managers heading functions need to engage. Shaking the bureaucratic attitude and the strict lines of control, need more delegation that will free the leadership of responsibilities in multiple verticals in the Pluto telecommunications management. Ellis and Dick (2000) argued that there needs more collaboration and coordination at this growth phase to succeed, which currently in cold phase is resulting in loss of control factor for all the head of the departments. As a leader, the task is to understand the driving and restraining forces in the work area, which can be done using Lewins force field analysis. Chmiel (1999) opined that this will allow segregating and focusing the time and efforts to convert the driving forces and restraining forces acting on the department and the counter strategies to eliminate them. This needs to be implemented with the analysis of the pre sent state for all the managers in their respective work areas and also map the forces (potential ones) in the desired state which they want to achieve. This will result into the planning of actions for tactical, medium and long term that is vital to the streamlining of the issues and actionable solutions for that. Recommendations: Segregate the briefing of the leaders of Pluto telecommunications and discuss one to one on their perception of the team functions. Present the new framework of the Greiners or Lewins force field analysis to be completed as a leader with their action plans. Discuss each departmental current state of analysis and ask for the plan of action for three, six and nine months time frame. The orientation of the employees of the sales with the sales head, Pluto telecommunications head attending the goal setting, target achievement, team norms and rules (West, 1994), expected behavioural outcomes. Presentation of the new process mapping of sales (end to end) process will be outlined blurring the functional tags. This will include asking each employee to be a part of revamping process owners with WBS (work breakdown structures) against time to be completed as per new job analysis and job description. Repeat of the above activity for the customer service team, department in ditto. Encourage pre and post team huddles to involve the management leadership to oversee the daily targets, the problems (pending issues, fresh issues), explaining the revamped reward strategy. The employee grievance session at one to one level, PMS review for each employee monthly basis, identify and delegate task to best performer, encourage employee engagement through job enrichment programme. Discussion of plan of action The above recommendations can be brought out into action needs a change management framework in order to break the old habits, attitudes and enable the employees to adopt the revamped programme for change. This is the first step and needs to address the query resolution and rebuttals which has to be completed in one week. The second week orientation of the managers, top management for the leadership change in behaviour and work processes will span over four weeks and monitored over additional four weeks. The work procedures and systems for interdepartmental reorganisation, process mapping of sales, service to be completed within first week. The PMS to be aligned with the work load, incentive plan to be finished within the fourth week of the new framework. The overall testing the organisational design effectiveness, reporting structures, communication flow (both ways), productivity and output (measured through lesser complaints), will be tested and fine tuned in application phase each time the changes are implemented in manager leadership level and employee level. Tasks Responsibilities Success Criteria Time Frame Resources Address the query resolution and rebuttals Managers to address employee queries Discussion and negotiation in a participative style. 1 week Training modules for process, product handling guidance. Orientation of the managers, top management for the leadership change in behaviour Aim to change leadership delivery Participative, departmental cooperation 4weeks Training, role plays, situational enactment, coaching skills, mentoring, listening, delegating more Work procedures and systems for interdepartmental reorganisation, process mapping of sales, service Sub systems to be understood WBS 1 week Training of users in new roles, GUI, work procedures and systems PMS Metrics defined Participative, systems approach 4weeks Training, role plays, listening, adaptation. OD (organisational development) framework Organisational effectiveness in reporting structures, communication flow (both ways), productivity Participative at managerial level 4weeks Testing, evaluating, adaptation, fine tuning. References Allcorn, S. (1989) 'Understanding groups at work', Personnel, 66: 28-36 Buchanan, D and Huczynski, A. (2001) Organisational Behaviour an Introductory Text 4th Edition. Prentice Hall Chmiel, N. (1999). Introduction to Work and Organisation Psychology: A European Perspective. Blackwell Publishing Daft, R.L. (1995) Organisation Theory and Design. Cincinati, Ohio: South Western College Publishing. Ellis, S and Dick, P. (2000). Introduction to Organisational Behaviour. McGraw-Hill. Fincham, R and Rhodes, P. (1999) Principles of Organisational Behaviour 3rd Edition. Oxford University Press. Greiner, L. E. (1998) Evolution and revolution as organizations grow. Harvard Business Review, 76, 3, 55-68. Hatch, MJ. (1997) Organisation Theory. Oxford University Press. Martin, J. (1992). Cultures in Organisation: 3 Perspectives. Oxford University Press. Mintzberg, H. (1979). The Structuring of Organisations. London: Prentice Hall Shackleton, V. (1995) Business Leadership. London: Routledge Steers, R.M., Porter, L.W. and Bigley (1996). Motivation and Leadership at Work 6th Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill West, M. (1994). Effective Teamwork. BPS Books.

Tamed Shrews And Twelfth Nights - The Role Of Women In Shakespeare Ess

Tamed Shrews and Twelfth Nights - The Role of Women In Shakespeare It is curious to note the role of women in Shakespearean literature. Many critics have lambasted the female characters in his plays as two-dimensional and unrealistic portrayals of subservient women. Others have asserted that the roles of women in his plays were prominent for the time and culture that he lived in. That such contrasting views could be held in regards to the same topic is academic. It is only with close examination of his works that we are able to suppose his intent in creating characters that inspire so much controversy. Two works, Taming of the Shrew, and Twelfth Night, stand out particularly well in regards to Shakespeares use of female characters. After examining these two plays, one will see that Shakespeare, though conforming to contemporary attitudes of women, circumvented them by creating resolute female characters with a strong sense of self. The Taming of the Shrew is one of Shakespeares most famous plays, and has weathered well into our modern era with adaptations into popular television series such as Moonlighting. For all the praises it has garnered throughout the centuries, it is curious to note that many have considered it to be one of his most controversial in his treatment of women. The taming of Katherine has been contended as being excessively cruel by many writers and critics of the modern era. George Bernard Shaw himself pressed for its banning during the 19th century (Peralta). The subservience of Katherine has been labeled as barbaric, antiquated, and generally demeaning. The play centers on her and her lack of suitors. It establishes in the first act her shrewish demeanor and its repercussions on her family. It is only with the introduction of the witty Petruchio as her suitor, that one begins to see an evolution in her character. Through an elaborate charade of humiliating behavior, Petruchio humbles her a nd by the end of the play, she will instruct other women on the nature of being a good and dutiful wife. In direct contrast to Shrew, is Twelfth Night, whose main female protagonist is by far the strongest character in the play. The main character Viola, has been stranded in a foreign land and adopts the identity of her brother so that she might live independently without a husband or guardian. She serves as a courtier to a young, lovesick nobleman named Orsino. Throughout the play she plays as a go-between for him to the woman he loves. In the course of her service, she falls in love with him. Only at the end, does she renounce her male identity and declares her love for him. Both plays portray female characters unwilling to accept the female role of passivity. Katherine rebels against this stereotype by becoming a shrew, a violently tempered and belligerent woman. Viola disguises herself as a man for most of the play in order to preserve her state of free will. Katherine endures reprimands, chiding, and humiliation in the course of her chosen rebellion. Viola enjoys life and position as a man, and does not reveal who she is until the last scene of the play. Curiously enough, both women voluntarily accept the roles that society would impose on them again at the close of the plays. It is important to note though, that they freely resume these roles, and that they do so out of their own sense of self. For each woman, it is a personal choice based on their desires. In the case of Katherine, she realizes that propriety is as much a signature of self-respect as respect for others, and she has a husband whom she need prove nothing to because he already respects her. In the case of Viola, she is in love with the young Orsino. Having found the man she would be willing to wed, the pretense of her male identity is no longer necessary, as she desires to be his wife. Having seen the similarities between Viola and Katherine, one should take notice that they do have different circumstances regarding their behavior. The reason for Katherines shrewish demeanor is never given in the play, though many directors have interpreted it as an act

Free Essays on Victoriano Huerta

Victoriano Huerta’s Failure in Mexico Victoriano Huerta took part in a coup de tat that put him in position as President in Mexico and he created a cruel dictatorship that led to a dark era for Mexico. Huerta was one of the worst rulers that Mexico ever saw. He did not fulfill the role of a typical President, but rather a fierce ruler who drove Mexico into the ground. While he was in power, Huerta created many enemies, including the United States, which inevitably led to his downfall and ultimately his dethronement. Huerta’s reign was short lived, only about a year and a couple months, but he initiated a time in Mexico that would be filled with struggles and an array of political leaders. Before becoming President, Victoriano Huerta served as a general under the rule of the President of the time, Francisco Madero. Francisco Madero came to power in 1911 after he led a revolt against the presiding government in power. Madero wanted to bring democracy to Mexico; however, the United States did not believe that he could do this. Henry Lane Wilson, the U.S. ambassador to Mexico, played a huge role in U.S./ Mexican relations stating, â€Å"Madero’s project of bringing democracy to Mexico was not practicable: democratic reforms could not be carried out in the social context of the poverty and illiteracy of the Mexican people.† (The United States and Mexico, p104) Madero had good intentions for Mexico, but because of numerous rebellions including Zapata and his forces, Orozco and rebellions from supporters of the old government hindered Madero from achieving his goal. Due to the commotion triggered by the rebellions, the United States government believed that M adero was unable to control the civil unrest in Mexico. The United States actually supported the overthrow of Madero. They did nothing to stop it and actually wanted Huerta to come into power; they soon regretted it though because Huerta was a terrible leader. Eventually M... Free Essays on Victoriano Huerta Free Essays on Victoriano Huerta Victoriano Huerta’s Failure in Mexico Victoriano Huerta took part in a coup de tat that put him in position as President in Mexico and he created a cruel dictatorship that led to a dark era for Mexico. Huerta was one of the worst rulers that Mexico ever saw. He did not fulfill the role of a typical President, but rather a fierce ruler who drove Mexico into the ground. While he was in power, Huerta created many enemies, including the United States, which inevitably led to his downfall and ultimately his dethronement. Huerta’s reign was short lived, only about a year and a couple months, but he initiated a time in Mexico that would be filled with struggles and an array of political leaders. Before becoming President, Victoriano Huerta served as a general under the rule of the President of the time, Francisco Madero. Francisco Madero came to power in 1911 after he led a revolt against the presiding government in power. Madero wanted to bring democracy to Mexico; however, the United States did not believe that he could do this. Henry Lane Wilson, the U.S. ambassador to Mexico, played a huge role in U.S./ Mexican relations stating, â€Å"Madero’s project of bringing democracy to Mexico was not practicable: democratic reforms could not be carried out in the social context of the poverty and illiteracy of the Mexican people.† (The United States and Mexico, p104) Madero had good intentions for Mexico, but because of numerous rebellions including Zapata and his forces, Orozco and rebellions from supporters of the old government hindered Madero from achieving his goal. Due to the commotion triggered by the rebellions, the United States government believed that M adero was unable to control the civil unrest in Mexico. The United States actually supported the overthrow of Madero. They did nothing to stop it and actually wanted Huerta to come into power; they soon regretted it though because Huerta was a terrible leader. Eventually M...

Social Work Knowledge And Skills Analysis Social Work Essay Essay Example

Social Work Knowledge And Skills Analysis Social Work Essay Essay Example Social Work Knowledge And Skills Analysis Social Work Essay Essay Social Work Knowledge And Skills Analysis Social Work Essay Essay This essay provides a critical analysis of a 10-minute AV entering transcript ( appendix 1 ) of an interview with a service user in a fake function drama. This is non a existent interview, but portion of a pupil assignment. All names used in this recording transcript are fabricated and therefore there are no issues refering confidentiality. The essay comprises two parts. In Part 1, Kolb s Learning Cycle ( Kolb, 1984 ) will be utilised to reflect upon the interview. In Part 2, the ASPIRE Model ( Parker and Bradley, 2003 ) will be utilised to sketch how farther work with this service user would be approached. Kolb s Learning Cycle and the ASPIRE Model will both be briefly outlined within the appropriate subdivision. Part 1: Contemplation and Critical Analysis Kolb s Learning Cycle, which will be used to reflect upon and critically analyze the interview, comprises four phases of larning from experience: Concrete Experience ( i.e. active engagement in an experience ) ; Brooding Observation ( i.e. reviewing and reflecting on the experience ) ; Abstract Conceptualisation ( i.e. concluding and acquisition from the experience ) ; and, Active Experimentation ( i.e. planning and seeking what has been learned ) . Each of these phases will be used in this contemplation and review. Concrete Experience A fake function drama interview was conducted with Paul Jones, a 60-year old who contacted the grownup societal work squad to discourse the possibility of some aid. Paul is the exclusive carer of his 92-year old male parent, James. Paul has been happening it progressively hard to care for James, who spends all twenty-four hours on the couch and does non even travel upstairs to his bed at dark. James became this manner shortly after the decease of his girl 1-month antecedently. She died of malignant neoplastic disease non long after Paul and James lost Paul s female parent and James married woman to a bosom onslaught, 6-months antecedently. Their lone relation is Paul s boy, who lives up North and is unable to see on a regular basis. The full instance survey can be found in appendix 2. Brooding Observation The intent of the interview was to work collaboratively with Paul in set uping his current demands. With the exclusion of the beginning of the interview when I was nervous and happening background noise distracting, I communicated in a clear and gracious mode. These accomplishments are of import when set uping resonance with a service user, puting the foundations to develop common regard and trust ( Koprowska, 2005 ) . After some debuts and the scene of boundaries sing confidentiality, I placed the interview docket into Paul s control with the appropriate usage of the open-ended inquiry, What has bought you here today? By recognizing the power instability nowadays between societal workers and service users, I was aware to cut down the oppressive impact of hierarchy ( Dalrymple and Burke, 2000 ) . The inquiry did, nevertheless, seem to faze Paul and he passed the inquiry back by inquiring Well, I m non certain how much you know? I informed him that I do cognize a small spot. . . and so gently encouraged him to supply me with some more information. On contemplation, I should hold clarified with Paul why needed the information once more ( i.e. to corroborate truth of inside informations ) . He was clearly uncomfortable with reiterating the information, perchance due to a old opposition to seeking outside aid. I was focused on arousing information from Paul first-hand to forestall any premises being made, but should hold adapted my attack based on Paul s demands. A cardinal strength within the interview was the effectual usage of empathetic apprehension, which appeared to set Paul at easiness. Statements such as, This must hold been a really hard clip for you and appropriate usage of oculus contact and organic structure linguistic communication conveyed empathy, congruity ( genuineness ) , and unconditioned positive respect. These are three core conditions required in person-centred guidance ( Rogers, 1980 ) . I feel that by using these accomplishments within the interview, Paul was able to talk openly about his concerns. Indeed, grounds suggests that congruity supports anti-oppressive pattern by easing the development of a partnership ( Miller, 2006 ) . Paul sought aid under the premiss that it was for James, but with the appropriate usage of open-ended and closed inquiries it was established that he needed aid excessively. The demands of the carer are far excessively frequently overlooked within societal attention ( Herring, 2006 ) , but I ensured I gained a balanced accretion of information on both Paul and James in order to set up both of their demands. Systems Theory ( Bronfenbrenner, 1977 ) purports that in order to understand an person, they need to be assessed in footings of their interactions with their environment and within their relationships. By the terminal of the interview, a shared apprehension had been reached, every bit good as a program of action in footings of set uping a place visit and reaching Citizen s Advice to discourse fiscal concerns. Therefore, the initial purpose of the interview was met. Abstract Conceptualisation When discoursing his jobs, Paul was really unfastened and extroverted, as was facilitated by the usage of non-verbal encouragers such as nodding and tilting somewhat frontward to demo involvement ( Seden, 1999 ) . He was, nevertheless, resistant to foster outside aid such as from his GP or a counselor. I was careful non to judge Paul on this and to remind myself that there are a figure of grounds why he might be immune ( e.g. old negative experiences with wellness professionals ; household belief systems, etc. ) . Interestingly Paul did portion that James would besides be immune to outside aid, bespeaking the possibility that seeking aid is non portion of the household belief system. It was of import that I did non oppress Paul or James by sabotaging their duties for the picks they make ( Dominelli, 2002, p.47 ) . On contemplation, I should hold been more understanding of Paul s troubles accepting aid and adjusted my attack consequently. In peculiar, if I was to carry on this interview once more, I would alter the manner I responded to Paul s concerns that, I am merely worried that I am traveling to lose it with my pa and I frequently find things shuting in on me. . . I should hold probed these concerns farther, as has been highlighted in my feedback, in order to set up whether Paul was a danger to himself or James. One of the cardinal functions within the National Occupational Standards for Social Work is to Manage hazard to persons, households, carers, groups, communities, ego and co-workers ( GSCC, 2002, p.12 ) . Paul s feelings of desperation were mentioned on more than one juncture and, on contemplation, I should hold detected this as a possible hazard factor. I feel I was effectual in my usage of paraphrasing, as used to clear up issues and show active hearing. However, greater usage of summarizing might hold facilitated communicating and ensured that information provided by Paul was being interpreted harmonizing to his ain subjective experiences ( Seden, 1999 ) . I will endeavor to develop these accomplishments throughout my preparation. Mentions Bronfenbrenner, U. , 1977. Toward an experimental ecology of human development. American Psychologist, 32, pp.513-530. Dalrymple, J. and Burke, B. , 1995. Anti-oppressive Practice: Social Care and the Law. Buckingham: Open University Press. Dominelli, L. , 2002. Anti-Oppressive Social Work Theory and Practice. Palgrave Macmillan. General Social Care Council, 2002. The National Occupational Standards for Social Work. Topss England, April 2004. Herring, J. , 2006. Where are the carers in health care jurisprudence and moralss? Legal Studies, 27 ( 1 ) , pp. 51-73. Kolb, D.A. , 1984. Experiential Learning experience as a beginning of larning and development . New Jersey: Prentice Hall Koprowska, J. , 2005. Communication and interpersonal accomplishments in societal work. Exeter: Learning Matters Miller, L. , 2006. Reding Skills for Social Work. London: Sage Publications. Parker, J. and Bradley, G. , 2003. Social Work Practice: Appraisal, Planning, Intervention, and Review. Exeter: Learning Matters. Rogers, C.R. , 1980. A manner of being. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Seden, J. , 1999. Reding accomplishments in societal work pattern. Buckingham: Open University Press. Part 2 Further Work with the Jones Family The acronym ASPIRE represents the societal work procedure of Assess, Plan, Intervene, Review, and Evaluate, which enables the geographic expedition of successfully operationalising a program made with a service user ( Parker and Bradley, 2003 ) . Adopting this model besides encapsulates the 4th phase of Kolb s Learning Cycle: Active Experimentation. Importantly, supervising would be required in any interviews since I am a freshly qualified Social Worker. Furthermore, the part of regular and high quality supervising in the societal work profession has been emphasised ( Crippling, 2009 ) . If the instance of the Jones household was allocated to me after this initial appraisal, I would take an eclectic attack, utilizing the ASPIRE model to steer intercession bringing. An eclectic attack would be adopted in order to guarantee that Paul and James single demands were taken into consideration. I would be unable to place the most appropriate attack to utilize without first meeting with James, therefore an eclectic attack would ease flexibleness between service user demands. Assessment would take topographic point within the place, therefore following a person-in-environment position ( Kemp et al. , 1997 ) . Importantly, supervising would be required in any interviews since I am a freshly qualified Social Worker. Systems Theory posits that in order to understand a service user, their ecological system needs to be taken into consideration ( Bronfenbrenner, 1977 ) . This includes their microsystem ( i.e. immediate relationships ) , mesosystem ( i.e. different parts of the microsystem working together ) , exosystem ( i.e. systems that the person is non straight portion of but that affects them ) , macrosystem ( i.e. the larger societal universe, such as authorities and civilization ) , and their chronosystem ( i.e. a system of alteration ) . The principle for using this theory is that the current jobs experienced by Paul and James appear to be related to recent alterations within his microsystem. This includes the loss of two household members, altering wel lness position ( i.e. James has gained weight, has emphysema, and is going less nomadic ) , altering functions ( i.e. Paul is now exclusive carer to James ) , and a alteration in their relationship. Bell ( 2003 ) asserts that it is easier to understand an person s behavior in the scene in which it occurs, which is the attack I feel most appropriate within this scenario. Family relationships are complex and competently described by Dallos ( 1991 ) as, The kernel of household life is that it is complex and altering and that alone state of affairss and combinations of demands continually originate ( p.7 ) . Therefore, effectual support for single members requires the use of theory and cognition that assesses their demands within the household context. An apprehension of demands and resources is of import when working from the systems position, an apprehension which the theory itself lacks to underscore ( Coady and Lehman, 2008 ) . For the Jones household, demands within their life include mourning, deteriorating wellness, and fiscal concerns. In footings of resources, they are reasonably stray and, despite originating this interview, they are both immune to outside aid, which besides limits their resources. This provides the principle for using a Task-Centered, job work outing attack in the intervening phase of the ASPIRE model. The grounds suggests that such an attack is appropriate for covering with household jobs, new functions, and unwellness or mourning ( Reid, 1978 ) . Paul mentioned a figure of jobs, both personally and in relation to James, and therefore easing him to place the cause of these jobs would be a utile enterprise in assisting him undertake them. By utilizing a job work outing attack within a collaborative partn ership with the household, I would expect that it would heighten their capacity to cover with future jobs if they were to originate ( Germain and Gitterman, 1996, p.139 ) . In bend, educating Paul on the usage of job resolution schemes would move to forestall farther subjugation by supplying him with tools he can use in other countries of his life ( Coulshed and Orne, 1998 ) . A job I identified during the function drama, but which would necessitate to be confirmed via a shared reading with Paul and James, is that Paul could accidentally be conspiring with James detachment. For illustration, by go forthing his tiffin next to the couch so that he does non hold to travel, Paul is making dependence. Thompson ( 2001 ) suggests that when working with carers, it is of import non to promote them in a function that could ensue in dependence and therefore farther oppress the individual being cared for. This would necessitate to be attended to sensitively and without doing offense to Paul. One such manner of accomplishing this is via the job work outing attack to assist Paul recognize this for himself. Indeed, alteration is easier if the waies that professionals and users wish to follow coincide ( Dominelli, 2002, p.25 ) . In working with Paul and James, great consideration would be needed in footings of mourning. It sounds like James might be sing depression associated with one of the purported phases of mourning ( Kubler-Ross, 1989 ) . In add-on, Paul might be in the choler phase or perchance unable to treat his feelings due to the emphasis of taking attention of his male parent and worrying about fundss. Their current jobs are likely to impede them both making a period of restoration orientation, where they can concentrate on constructing their hereafter after their loss ( Worden, 2003 ) . In order to ease a move towards Restoration orientation, I would work with the strengths possessed by Paul and James to guarantee anti-oppressive focal point is maintained ( Parker and Bradley, 2003 ) . There has been some review to Systems Theory, including that it lacks theoretical and empirical support in pattern state of affairss ( Healy, 2005 ) . Overall, nevertheless, the intent of the theory is to work with service users in a manner that enhances and strengthens their abilities to accommodate and work out jobs, which finally provides long-run results instead than short-run solutions. The cardinal function of societal work, as agreed internationally, is the publicity of societal alteration, job resolution in human relationships and the authorization and release of people to heighten well-being ( GSCC, 2002, p.12 ) , and I anticipate that the theories and attacks outlined supra would ease the authorization and release of the Jones household. In order to efficaciously run into the demands of the Jones household, it will be indispensable to carry on the reappraisal and rating phase of the ASPIRE theoretical account in order to supply closing, implement any extra intercessions, and develop my ain accomplishments and abilities through contemplation and critical analysis.

Napoleonic Wars Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Napoleonic Wars - Essay Example By the end of 1813 that mythology of invincibility had disappeared, mainly due to the disastrous campaign in Russia. The background to this campaign was the simplification of national borders and the increase of nationalist sentiments that had at least been catalyzed by French ideas that had developed since the French Revolution. Thus Napoleon's own use of nationalistic sentiment was causing resentment against French domination within other countries (Schom, 1998). This was perhaps not the best time to launch a campaign against a formidable enemy that would take Napoleon far from those countries that were starting to stir against French imperialism. But as with many military commanders both before and since, Napoleon had started to believe in his own legend, and it would eventually lead to his downfall (Gengembre, 2003). In the spring of 1812 Napoleon began to mass his troops in Poland, that was currently under French rule. This was clearly an attempt to intimidate Alexander, who had been showing an increasing tendency not to trust he official alliance between France and Russia. By the summer of 1812 about 453,000 men, probably the largest armed force ever gathered in one place up until that time, had been brought together in Poland. Napoleon called it his Grande Armee, and its message to the Russians was quite clear. The Russians, perhaps aware that the hu... 130 years later to Hitler, Napoleon appeared to be advancing with miraculous speed, but in fact the Russians were adopting a "scorched earth policy" in which they destroyed anything of value before retreating in front of the French forces. This meant that the French could not gather together provisions and supplies that would be needed in the coming winter. Drawn to the centre of Russia, with the supposed prize of Moscow, as a moth is to a light, Napoleon advanced through the country until he met the Russian forces at the Battle of Borodino on September 7th, 1812. This was a bloody, violent battle, but was inconclusive as to its result. Even though neither side had gained a clear victory, Napoleon carried on advancing and entered Moscow on about September 14th. The Russians had deserted the city, Alexander would not meet with Napoleon to discuss terms for the Russian "surrender" and much of the city burned down within days of Napoleon's arrival.Napoleon had won perhaps the most Pyrrhic victory of all time: he was faced with a stalemate in which he had taken Moscow, but could not sustain it because his supply lines were desperately strained and he needed to retreat before the full onset of winter. One of the great mistakes that Napoleon had made was having neither enough nor the correct quality horses. In the retreat many of the cavalry had to kill their horses in order to eat them. Many others died of cold, disease and starvation. This meant that Napoleon's forces could receive neither food supplies nor reinforcements nor supplied for their weapons. The French lost about 200,000 horses in the campaign, as well as 1,000 artillery pieces. These were large losses that Napoleon could not really afford considering the various campaigns that were to come. He had also